SINDH - PAKISTAN
سند | سنڌ
Province of Pakistan
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MAP OF SINDH
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| FLAG OF SINDH |
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| SEAL OF SINDH |
FAMOUS PLACES OF SINDH
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| Mazar-e-Quaid |
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| Ayub Bridge |
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| Shrine of Bhittai |
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| Ranikot Fort |
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| Mohenjo-daro |
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| Location of Sindh in Pakistan Coordinates: 26°21′N 68°51′E |
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| Sindh Portal |
Pakistan• Type Self-governing province subject to the federal government
• Body Government of Sindh
• Governor Kamran Tessori
• Chief Minister Murad Ali Shah
• Chief Secretary Dr Fakhre Alam (BPS-22 PAS)
• Legislature Provincial Assembly
• High Court Sindh High Court
• Rank 2nd
• Density 395/km2 (1,020/sq mi)
GDP (nominal)
GDP (PPP)
Languages Official: English, Sindhi, Urdu
Others: Pashto, Punjabi, Saraiki, Balochi, Hindko
Karachi United
Hyderabad Hawks
Karachi Dolphins
Karachi Zebras
Low
The Greeks, led by Alexander the Great, came to Sindh in 325 BCE. They called the Indus River 'Indós,' which is where we get the name 'Indus' today. The ancient Iranians called everything east of the Indus River 'hind.' The word 'Sindh' comes from the Persian version of the Sanskrit word 'Sindhu,' which means 'river,' referring to the Indus River.
Southworth says that 'Sindhu' might come from the Dravidian word 'Cintu,' which means 'date palm,' a tree that's common in Sindh.
Before 1988, the spelling was 'Sind,' but it was changed to 'Sindh' by a decision made in the Sindh Assembly.
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After the Islamic prophet Muhammad died, Arabs started moving east towards Sindh, which is now in Pakistan. This happened during the Rashidun Caliphate, the first Muslim empire. In 649 CE, Al-Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi attacked Makran, a place in Sindh. He was a supporter of Ali ibn Abu Talib, a leader of Islam. During the time of Ali, many people in Sindh became Shi'ites, a branch of Islam, and some even fought in battles for him. When the Umayyad Empire ruled (from 661 to 750 CE), lots of Shi'ites came to Sindh to live peacefully. Ziyad Hindi was one of them.
The first fight between Muslims and Hindu kings in Sindh happened in 636 (15 A.H.). Umar ibn al-Khattab, a leader of the Muslims, sent ships to attack Thane, Bharuch, and Debal. They won at Debal, but the other attacks didn't go well. The Chach Nama, a historical book, says they lost at Debal and their leader was killed. These fights might have started because pirates attacked Umayyad ships. After that, there weren't any more fights until Uthman became the leader.
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| The Makli Necropolis at Thatta is one of the largest funerary sites in the world |
After 1335, the Sammas took control from the Soomras. The last Soomra leader went to Gujarat for safety under Muhammad bin Tughluq, the Sultan of Delhi. In 1351, Muhammad bin Tughlaq tried to help the Soomras by attacking Sindh but died during the expedition. This made the Sammas independent. Later, Firuz Shah Tughlaq attacked Sindh in 1365 and 1367, but he couldn't win. Eventually, with help from Delhi, he got Banbhiniyo to surrender. The Sammas had to follow Delhi for a while, but when the Delhi Sultanate fell, they became free again.
Jam Unar started the Samma dynasty, according to Ibn Battuta. The Sammas built impressive buildings in the Indo-Islamic style. Thatta, known for its necropolis, has many grand structures including the Makli Necropolis. Later, the Turkic Arghuns took over from the Sammas in the late 15th century.
In the late 16th century, Sindh became part of the Mughal Empire under Akbar. He was born in Umerkot, Sindh, which was part of the Rajputana kingdom. The Mughals ruled from Thatta in lower Sindh until the early 18th century. Upper Sindh was ruled by the Kalhora dynasty from their capital, Khudabad, before they moved to Hyderabad in 1768.
Later, the Talpurs took over from the Kalhoras. They had four branches: one ruled from Hyderabad in lower Sindh, another from Khairpur in upper Sindh, a third around Mirpur Khas, and a fourth from Tando Muhammad Khan. They were Baloch by ethnicity and mostly paid tribute to the Durrani Empire.
The Talpurs ruled from 1783 to 1843 when they were defeated by the British in battles at Miani and Dubbo. The Khairpur branch of the Talpur dynasty, however, kept some control during British rule as the princely state of Khairpur. Its ruler chose to join Pakistan in 1947 before becoming part of West Pakistan in 1955.
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| Sindh became part of the Bombay Presidency in 1909. |
Later on, people in Sindh wanted to have their own government. In 1913, at a meeting of the Indian National Congress, a Hindu from Sindh asked for Sindh to be separate from Bombay because Sindh had its own culture. This was mainly because Sindhi Hindus who were in business didn't want to compete with the powerful businesses in Bombay.
In the 1920s, politics in Sindh started focusing more on Karachi and the Khilafat Movement. Many Sindhi leaders, who were descendants of Sufi saints, joined the Khilafat Movement. This movement aimed to protect the Ottoman Caliphate. Those leaders who didn't join saw a decrease in their followers. The Khilafat Movement got a lot of support from people in Sindh, and the region became a key part of the movement.
Even though Sindh had better harmony between different religious groups compared to other parts of India, the Muslim leaders and middle class in Sindh wanted Sindh to be separate from Bombay Presidency to protect their own interests. They saw Sindhi Hindus as more connected to Bombay than to Sindh itself. Sindhi Hindus, however, mostly disagreed and didn't want Sindh to separate from Bombay.
Even though Sindh had a culture of mixing different religions and being tolerant, both the rich Muslim landowners and the Hindu businessmen worked together to control and take advantage of the mostly Muslim farmers in Sindh. Eventually, Sindhi Muslims pushed for Sindh to break away from Bombay Presidency, but Sindhi Hindus didn't support this idea.
In Sindh's first provincial election after breaking away from Bombay in 1936, economic interests played a big part in politics alongside religious and cultural issues. Because of British policies, much of Sindh's land shifted from Muslim to Hindu ownership over the years. Religious tensions grew over a dispute called the Sukkur Manzilgah issue, where Muslims and Hindus argued over an old mosque near a Hindu sacred area. The Sindh Muslim League used this issue to demand the mosque be given back to Muslims. As a result, a thousand members of the Muslim League were jailed. Eventually, the government gave in to the pressure and returned the mosque to the Muslims.
Sindh separating from Bombay Presidency led Sindhi Muslim nationalists to support the Pakistan Movement. Even though the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province were against the Muslim League, Sindh stayed loyal to Jinnah. Although a prominent Sindhi Muslim nationalist, G.M. Syed, left the All India Muslim League in the 1940s and didn't get along with Jinnah, most Sindhi Muslims wanted Pakistan because they saw it as their salvation. Sindhi Muslims supported Pakistan because they wanted to push out their Hindu competitors in business. The Muslim League gained support in Sindh, especially from religious pir families. In the 1946 elections, the Muslim League got backing from local pirs, which helped it grow in Sindh. Soon, most Sindhi Muslims were campaigning for Pakistan.
Partition (1947)
In 1947, Sindh didn't have as much violence during the partition as Punjab did. There were only a few violent incidents in Sindh. This was partly because of the culture of religious tolerance influenced by Sufism and partly because Sindh wasn't divided; it became part of Pakistan as a whole. Sindhi Hindus who left usually did so because they were afraid of being mistreated, not because they were mistreated already. They were worried about how they would be treated with the arrival of Muslim refugees from India. Sindhi Hindus saw a difference between the local Sindhi Muslims and the Muslims who came from India. Many Sindhi Hindus left by boat to ports in India like Bombay, Porbandar, Veraval, and Okha.
Demographics
| Demographic Indicators | |
|---|---|
| Urban population | 52.02% |
| Rural population | 47.98% |
| Population growth rate | 2.41% |
| Gender ratio (male per 100 female) | 108.58 |
| Economically active population | 22.75% (Old Data) |
The main ethnic group in the province is the Sindhis, but there are also many other groups living there. Urdu-speaking Muhajirs make up more than 18% of the province's population, while Punjabis are 5.31% and Pashtuns are 5.46%.
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1891 | 2,875,100 | — |
| 1901 | 3,210,910 | +11.7% |
| 1911 | 3,513,435 | +9.4% |
| 1921 | 3,279,377 | −6.7% |
| 1931 | 3,887,070 | +18.5% |
| 1941 | 4,535,008 | +16.7% |
| 1951 | 6,047,748 | +33.4% |
| 1961 | 8,367,065 | +38.4% |
| 1972 | 14,155,909 | +69.2% |
| 1981 | 19,028,666 | +34.4% |
| 1998 | 29,991,161 | +57.6% |
| 2017 | 47,854,510 | +59.6% |
| Source: Census in Pakistan , Census of British Raj . | ||
Religion
Islam has been part of Sindh for a long time, starting when Muhammad Bin Qasim captured it in 712 CE. Over the years, most people in Sindh became Muslims, especially in the countryside. Today, Muslims make up more than 90% of the population, and they're more common in cities than in rural areas. Sufism, a mystical aspect of Islam, is strong in Sindh, with many Muslim saints and poets, like Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai, having lived there. There's a famous story that says 125,000 Sufi saints are buried on Makli Hill near Thatta, showing how important Sufism is in Sindh. In the 16th century, two Sufi groups, called Qadria and Naqshbandia, were introduced in Sindh. Sufism still plays a big part in the lives of Sindhis today.
In 1941, before India was divided, the total population of Sindh was 4,535,008. Of these, 3,208,325 (70.8%) were Muslims, 1,229,926 (27.1%) were Hindus, and the rest were from different religions like Tribals, Sikhs, Christians, Parsis, Jains, Jews, and Buddhists.
Sindh has the highest percentage of Hindus in Pakistan, making up about 8.7% of the population, which is roughly 4.2 million people, according to the 2017 Pakistani census. In rural areas, they make up 13.3% of the population. These numbers also include the scheduled caste population, which is about 1.7% of the total in Sindh (or 3.1% in rural areas). However, some community members might have been counted under the main Hindu category instead of being separately reported.
The Pakistan Hindu Council claims there are actually 6,842,526 Hindus in Sindh, covering around 14.29% of the region's population. Umerkot district in the Thar Desert is the only Hindu-majority district in Pakistan. The Shri Ramapir Temple in Tandoallahyar, where the annual festival is the second largest Hindu pilgrimage in Pakistan, is located in Sindh. Sindh is also the only province in Pakistan with a separate law for governing Hindu marriages.
According to community estimates, there are around 10,000 Sikhs living in Sindh.
|
Religious |
1941 |
1951 |
1998 |
2017 |
||||
|
Pop. |
% |
Pop. |
% |
Pop. |
% |
Pop. |
% |
|
|
Islam |
3,208,325 |
70.75% |
5,535,645 |
91.53% |
27,796,814 |
91.32% |
43,234,107 |
90.34% |
|
Hinduism |
1,229,926 |
27.12% |
482,560 |
7.98% |
2,280,842 |
7.49% |
4,176,986 |
8.73% |
|
Tribal |
36,819 |
0.81% |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
|
Sikhism |
31,011 |
0.68% |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
|
Christianity |
20,209 |
0.45% |
22,601 |
0.37% |
294,885 |
0.97% |
408,301 |
0.85% |
|
Zoroastrianism |
3,838 |
0.08% |
5,046 |
0.08% |
— |
— |
— |
— |
|
Jainism |
3,687 |
0.08% |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
|
Judaism |
1,082 |
0.02% |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
|
Buddhism |
111 |
0% |
670 |
0.01% |
— |
— |
— |
— |
|
Ahmadiyya |
— |
— |
— |
— |
43,524 |
0.14% |
21,661 |
0.05% |
|
Others |
0 |
0% |
1,226 |
0.02% |
23,828 |
0.08% |
13,455 |
0.03% |
|
Total
Population |
4,535,008 |
100% |
6,047,748 |
100% |
30,439,893 |
100% |
47,854,510 |
100% |
|
|
||||||||
According to the 2017 census, the most widely spoken language in the province is Sindhi, which is the first language of 62% of the population. After Sindhi, Urdu is spoken by 18% of people, followed by Pashto (5.5%), Punjabi (5.3%), Saraiki (2.2%), Balochi (2%), and Hindko (1.6%).
There are also many minority languages spoken in Sindh, including Kutchi, Gujarati, Aer, Bagri, Bhaya, Brahui, Dhatki, Ghera, Goaria, Gurgula, Jadgali, Jandavra, Jogi, Kabutra, Kachi Koli, Parkari Koli, Wadiyari Koli, Loarki, Marwari, Sansi, and Vaghri.
Karachi city is the most diverse city in Sindh. The largest group is Urdu-speakers, followed by Pashtuns. Sindhis themselves make up 8 to 10% of Karachi's population.
Geography and nature
Sindh is located in the western part of South Asia, sharing a border with the Iranian plateau in the west. It's the third largest province in Pakistan, stretching about 579 kilometers from north to south and 442 kilometers (at the extreme) or 281 kilometers (on average) from east to west. It covers an area of 140,915 square kilometers. Sindh is surrounded by the Thar Desert to the east, the Kirthar Mountains to the west, and the Arabian Sea and Rann of Kutch to the south. In the middle lies a fertile plain along the Indus River.
Sindh is divided into three main regions: Upper Sindh, which is above Sehwan; Middle Sindh, from Sehwan to Hyderabad; and Lower Sindh, mostly consisting of the Indus Delta below Hyderabad.
The province mostly has dry land with very little vegetation except in the irrigated Indus Valley. In the western hills, you'll find trees like the dwarf palm, Acacia Rupestris (kher), and Tecomella undulata (lohirro). Along the banks of the Indus River in the valley, the dominant tree is Acacia nilotica (babul), which grows in thick forests. Other common trees include Azadirachta indica (neem), Zizyphys vulgaris (bir), Tamarix orientalis (jujuba lai), and Capparis aphylla (kirir).
Fruit-bearing trees like mango, date palms, and recently introduced ones like banana, guava, orange, and chiku are found here. The coastal area and creeks have many semi-aquatic and aquatic plants, and the islands in the Indus delta have forests of Avicennia tomentosa (timmer) and Ceriops candolleana (chaunir) trees. Water lilies are abundant in lakes and ponds, especially in the lower Sindh region.
In the western rocky areas, you can find animals like the Sindh ibex, blackbuck, wild sheep (called Urial or gadh), and wild bear. Unfortunately, leopards are rare now, and the Asiatic cheetah is extinct. The Pirrang, a large tiger cat found in the eastern desert region, is also disappearing. Deer are found in the lower plains and eastern region, along with Striped hyena, jackal, fox, porcupine, common gray mongoose, and hedgehog. The Sindhi phekari, red lynx or Caracal cat, is found in some areas. Phartho (hog deer) and wild bear are also found, especially in the central inundation belt.
There are bats, lizards, and reptiles, including the cobra, lundi (viper), and the mysterious Sindh krait of the Thar region, which is believed to suck the victim's breath while sleeping. Some sightings of Asian cheetahs occurred in 2003 near the Balochistan border in the Kirthar Mountains. The rare houbara bustard finds Sindh's warm climate suitable to rest and mate. Unfortunately, it is hunted by locals and foreigners.
Crocodiles are rare and can only be found in the backwaters of the Indus River, the eastern Nara channel, and the Karachi backwater. Along the coast of Sindh, you can find a variety of marine fish, as well as the plumbeous dolphin, beaked dolphin, rorqual (blue whale), and skates swimming in the sea. Every year from February to April, the Pallo (Sable fish), a type of marine fish, swims up the Indus River to spawn. The Indus river dolphin, which lives in the northern part of the Indus River in Sindh, is one of the most endangered species in Pakistan. Hog deer and wild bears are often found in the central inundation belt. Even though Sindh's climate is semi-arid, it still supports a diverse range of wildlife thanks to its coastal and riverine forests, vast freshwater lakes, mountains, and deserts. Despite the semi-arid conditions, the remaining forests are home to an average population of jackals and snakes. The national parks, established by the Government of Pakistan in collaboration with organizations like the World Wide Fund for Nature and the Sindh Wildlife Department, provide habitats for a wide variety of animals and birds. Kirthar National Park, situated in the Kirthar range, covers over 3000 km2 of desert, sparse forests, and a lake. This park is home to Sindh ibex, wild sheep (urial), black bears, and occasionally the rare leopard and Sindhi phekari (Caracal cat). There's also a plan to introduce tigers and Asian elephants into Kirthar National Park, near the large Hub Dam Lake. Between July and November, during the monsoon winds, giant olive ridley turtles lay their eggs along the coastline. These turtles are protected species, and after they lay their eggs, officials from the Sindh Wildlife Department and WWF bury and protect them until they hatch to keep them safe from predators.
Climate
Sindh is in a hot place, especially during summer, but it's not as hot during the winter. From May to August, temperatures often go over 46 °C (115 °F). In December and January, the northern and higher areas can get as cold as 2 °C (36 °F). Rain mostly falls in July and August, adding up to about seven inches each year. The southwest monsoon wind starts in mid-February and lasts until September, while the cool northerly wind blows from October to January.
Sindh sits between two monsoons: the southwest one from the Indian Ocean and the northeast one, pushed its way by the Himalayan mountains. But it doesn't get much rain from either. Instead, it benefits from the Indus River flooding twice yearly. This happens when the snow melts in the spring and summer in the Himalayas and when it rains during the monsoon season.
Sindh has three main climate regions: Siro (the upper region around Jacobabad), Wicholo (the middle region around Hyderabad), and Lar (the lower region around Karachi). Upper Sindh is very dry because the thermal equator passes through it. In central Sindh, temperatures are lower than in upper Sindh but higher than in lower Sindh. Summers are hot and dry during the day, with cool nights. The maximum temperature in central Sindh is usually around 43–44 °C (109–111 °F). Lower Sindh has a more humid climate, affected by southwest winds in summer and northeast winds in winter. It gets less rainfall than central Sindh, and the maximum temperature reaches about 35–38 °C (95–100 °F). In the Kirthar range, temperatures near freezing have been recorded, and there is occasional snowfall in winter, especially at higher elevations like Gorakh Hill in Dadu District.
Major cities
| List of major cities in Sindh | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | City | District(s) | Population | Image |
| 1 | Karachi | Karachi East Karachi West Karachi South Karachi Central Malir Korangi | 21,910,352 | .JPG) |
| 2 | Hyderabad | Hyderabad | 1,732,693 |  |
| 3 | Sukkur | Sukkur | 499,900 |  |
| 4 | Larkana | Larkana | 490,508 |  |
| 5 | Benazirabad | Shaheed Benazirabad | 279,689 |  |
| 6 | Kotri | Jamshoro | 259,358 |  |
| 7 | Mirpur Khas | Mirpur Khas | 233,916 |  |
| 8 | Shikarpur | Shikarpur | 195,437 |  |
| 9 | Jacobabad | Jacobabad | 191,076 |  |
| 10 | Khairpur | Khairpur | 183,181 |  |
| Source: Pakistan Census 2017 | ||||
| This is a list of city proper populations and does not indicate metro populations. | ||||
Government
Sindh province
The Provincial Assembly of Sindh has 168 seats and is made up of only one house. Five percent of the seats are reserved for non-Muslims, and 17 percent are reserved for women. Karachi is the capital city of Sindh province. The provincial government is headed by the Chief Minister, who is elected directly by the people. The Governor, appointed by the President of Pakistan, acts as a ceremonial representative. The Chief Secretary Sindh, appointed by the Prime Minister of Pakistan, oversees the province's bureaucracy. Many influential Sindhi tribes are active in Pakistani politics.
Furthermore, in Sindh, politics tends to favor the left-wing. The political landscape here is mostly dominated by left-leaning ideologies in the country. Sindh strongly supports the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) in national elections, while the Pakistan Muslim League (N) has less support due to its center-right agenda.
In big cities like Karachi and Hyderabad, the MQM (a left-leaning party supported by Muhajirs) has a significant number of votes and followers. Additionally, smaller leftist parties like the People's Movement also have support in rural areas of the province.
| Provincial animal | Sindh ibex |  |
|---|---|---|
| Provincial bird | Black partridge |  |
| Provincial tree | Neem Tree |  |
Divisions
In 2008, after the public elections, the new government decided to bring back the Divisional structure for all provinces. In Sindh, after the Local Government Bodies' term ended in 2010, the Divisional Commissioners system was supposed to be restored.
In July 2011, there was a lot of violence in Karachi, and there was a split between the ruling PPP and the MQM, which was the majority party in Sindh. After the MQM Governor of Sindh resigned, the PPP and the Sindh Government decided to bring back the commissionerate system in the province. As a result, the five divisions of Sindh were restored – Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Mirpurkhas, and Larkana, along with their respective districts. Later, two new divisions were added in Sindh, Banbore and Nawab Shah/Shaheed Benazirabad division.
Karachi district has been split into its five original districts: Karachi East, Karachi West, Karachi Central, Karachi South, and Malir. Recently, Korangi has been given the status of the sixth district of Karachi. These six districts together make up the Karachi Division now. In 2020, Kemari District was formed by dividing Karachi West District. Currently, the Sindh government is thinking about dividing Tharparkar district into Tharparkar and Chhachro districts.
Districts
|
Sr.No. |
District |
Headquarters |
Area (km2) |
Population (in 2017) |
Density (people/km2) |
Division |
|
1 |
Badin |
Badin |
6,470 |
1,804,516 |
279 |
Banbhore |
|
2 |
Dadu |
Dadu |
8,034 |
1,550,266 |
193 |
Hyderabad |
|
3 |
Ghotki |
Ghotki |
6,506 |
1,647,239 |
253 |
Sukkur |
|
4 |
Hyderabad |
Hyderabad |
1,022 |
2,201,079 |
2,155 |
Hyderabad |
|
5 |
Jacobabad |
Jacobabad |
2,771 |
1,006,297 |
363 |
Larkana |
|
6 |
Jamshoro |
Jamshoro |
11,250 |
993,142 |
88 |
Hyderabad |
|
7 |
Karachi Central |
Karachi |
62 |
2,972,639 |
48,336 |
Karachi |
|
8 |
Kashmore (formerly Kandhkot) |
Kashmore |
2,551 |
1,089,169 |
427 |
Larkana |
|
9 |
Khairpur |
Khairpur |
15,925 |
2,405,523 |
151 |
Sukkur |
|
10 |
Larkana |
Larkana |
1,906 |
1,524,391 |
800 |
Larkana |
|
11 |
Matiari |
Matiari |
1,459 |
769,349 |
527 |
Hyderabad |
|
12 |
Mirpur Khas |
Mirpur Khas |
3,319 |
1,505,876 |
454 |
Mirpur Khas |
|
13 |
Naushahro Feroze |
Naushahro Feroze |
2,027 |
1,612,373 |
369 |
Shaheed Benazir Abad |
|
14 |
Shaheed Benazirabad (formerly Nawabshah) |
Nawabshah |
4,618 |
1,612,847 |
349 |
Shaheed Benazir Abad |
|
15 |
Qambar Shahdadkot |
Qambar |
5,599 |
1,341,042 |
240 |
Larkana |
|
16 |
Sanghar |
Sanghar |
10,259 |
2,057,057 |
200 |
Shaheed Benazir Abad |
|
17 |
Shikarpur |
Shikarpur |
2,577 |
1,231,481 |
478 |
Larkana |
|
18 |
Sukkur |
Sukkur |
5,216 |
1,487,903 |
285 |
Sukkur |
|
19 |
Tando Allahyar |
Tando Allahyar |
1,573 |
836,887 |
532 |
Hyderabad |
|
20 |
Tando Muhammad Khan |
Tando Muhammad Khan |
1,814 |
677,228 |
373 |
Hyderabad |
|
21 |
Tharparkar |
Mithi |
19,808 |
1,649,661 |
83 |
Mirpur Khas |
|
22 |
Thatta |
Thatta |
7,705 |
979,817 |
127 |
Banbhore |
|
23 |
Umerkot |
Umerkot |
5,503 |
1,073,146 |
195 |
Mirpur Khas |
|
24 |
Sujawal |
Sujawal |
8,699 |
781,967 |
90 |
Banbhore |
|
25 |
Karachi East |
Karachi |
165 |
2,909,921 |
17,625 |
Karachi |
|
26 |
Karachi South |
Karachi |
85 |
1,791,751 |
21,079 |
Karachi |
|
27 |
Karachi West |
Karachi |
630 |
3,914,757 |
6,212 |
Karachi |
|
28 |
Korangi |
Korangi Town |
95 |
2,457,019 |
25,918 |
Karachi |
|
29 |
Malir |
Malir Town |
2,635 |
2,008,901 |
762 |
Karachi |
|
30 |
Kemari |
Karachi |
|
N/A |
|
Karachi |
In Sindh, talukas are like tehsils used in other parts of the country, supervisory tapas are similar to kanungo circles, tapas are like patwar circles in other provinces, and dehs are equivalent to the mouzas used elsewhere.
- Goth Bozo
- Kashmir Goth
- Khairo Bhatti
Economy
The economy of Sindh is the second largest among all the provinces in Pakistan. Much of Sindh's economy is influenced by Karachi, the largest city and economic capital of the country. Historically, Sindh has contributed between 30% and 32.7% to Pakistan's GDP. Its share in the service sector has been between 21% and 27.8%, and in the agriculture sector, it's been between 21.4% and 27.7%. The manufacturing sector is its best-performing sector, with a share ranging from 36.7% to 46.5%. Since 1972, Sindh's GDP has grown by 3.6 times.
Sindh is important in Pakistan's economy because it has access to the coast. Its economy is diverse, with industries like heavy manufacturing and finance based in and around Karachi, as well as a big farming sector along the Indus River. They make things like machinery, cement, plastics, and more.
Farming is big in Sindh, where they grow cotton, rice, wheat, sugar cane, bananas, and mangoes. The best rice comes from Larkano district.
Sindh is rich in natural resources like gas, petrol, and coal. The Mari Gas field is the country's largest natural gas producer, and companies like Mari Petroleum work there. There's also a big deposit of lignite coal in the Thar coalfield.
| Year | Literacy rate |
|---|---|
| 1972 | 60.77 |
| 1981 | 37.5% |
| 1998 | 45.29% |
| 2017 | 54.57% |
The following is a chart of the education market of Sindh estimated by the government in 1998
| Qualification | Urban | Rural | Total | Enrollment ratio (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| — | 14,839,862 | 15,600,031 | 30,439,893 | — |
| Below Primary | 1,984,089 | 3,332,166 | 5,316,255 | 100.00 |
| Primary | 3,503,691 | 5,687,771 | 9,191,462 | 82.53 |
| Middle | 3,073,335 | 2,369,644 | 5,442,979 | 52.33 |
| Matriculation | 2,847,769 | 2,227,684 | 5,075,453 | 34.45 |
| Intermediate | 1,473,598 | 1,018,682 | 2,492,280 | 17.78 |
| Diploma, Certificate... | 1,320,747 | 552,241 | 1,872,988 | 9.59 |
| BA, BSc... degrees | 440,743 | 280,800 | 721,543 | 9.07 |
| MA, MSc... degrees | 106,847 | 53,040 | 159,887 | 2.91 |
| Other qualifications | 89,043 | 78,003 | 167,046 | 0.54 |
Major public and private educational institutes in Sindh include:
- Adamjee Government Science College
- Aga Khan University
- APIIT
- Applied Economics Research Centre
- Bahria University
- Baqai Medical University
- Chandka Medical College Larkana
- Cadet College Petaro
- College of Digital Sciences
- College of Physicians & Surgeons Pakistan
- COMMECS Institute of Business and Emerging Sciences
- D. J. Science College
- Dawood University of Engineering & Technology
- Defence Authority Degree College for Men
- Dow International Medical College
- Dow University of Health Sciences
- Fatima Jinnah Dental College
- Federal Urdu University
- GBELS Dourai Mahar Taluka Daur Distt: Shaheed Benazirabad
- Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Sukkur
- Government College for Men Nazimabad
- Government College Hyderabad
- Government College of Commerce & Economics
- Government College of Technology, Karachi
- Government Degree College Matiari
- Government High School Ranipur
- Government Islamia Science College Sukkur
- Government Muslim Science College Hyderabad
- Government National College (Karachi)
- Greenwich University (Karachi)
- Hamdard University
- Hussain Ebrahim Jamal Research Institute of Chemistry
- Imperial Science College Nawabshah
- Indus Valley Institute of Art and Architecture
- Institute of Business Administration, Karachi
- Institute of Business Administration, Sukkar
- Institute of Business Management
- Institute of Industrial Electronics Engineering
- Institute of Sindhology
- Iqra University
- Islamia Science College (Karachi)
- Isra University Hyderabad
- Jinnah Medical & Dental College
- Jinnah Polytechnic Institute
- Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre
- Jinnah University for Women
- KANUPP Institute of Nuclear Power Engineering
- Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology
- Karachi School of Business and Leadership
- Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences
- Mehran University of Engineering and Technology
- Mohammad Ali Jinnah University
- National Academy of Performing Arts
- National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
- National University of Modern Languages
- National University of Sciences and Technology
- NED University of Engineering and Technology
- Ojha Institute of Chest Diseases
- PAF Institute of Aviation Technology
- TES Public School, Daur
- Pakistan Navy Engineering College
- Pakistan Shipowners' College
- Pakistan Steel Cadet College
- Peoples Medical College for Girls Nawabshah
- PIA Training Centre Karachi
- Provincial Institute of Teachers Education Nawabshah
- Public School Hyderabad
- Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology, Nawabshah
- Rana Liaquat Ali Khan Government College of Home Economics
- Saint Patrick's College, Karachi
- Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai University
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Medical College
- Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology
- Sindh Agriculture University
- Sindh Medical College
- Superior College of Science Hyderabad
- Sindh Muslim Law College
- Sir Syed Government Girls College
- Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology
- St. Joseph's College
- Sukkur Institute of Science & Technology
- Textile Institute of Pakistan
- University of Karachi
- University of Sindh
- Usman Institute of Technology
- Ziauddin Medical University
Cultural heritage
Sindhi artisans were so skilled that their creations were sold in ancient markets like Damascus, Baghdad, Basra, Istanbul, Cairo, and Samarkand. T. Posten, an English traveler in the early 19th century, praised the lacquer work on wood, called Jandi, saying it rivaled the finest Chinese craftsmanship. Over time, technological improvements like the spinning wheel and treadle were introduced, enhancing the weaver's loom. Processes such as designing, dyeing, and block printing were refined. The result was lightweight, colorful, washable fabrics from Hala that became a luxury compared to the heavier woolens and linens of the time.
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) like the World Wildlife Fund, Pakistan, play a big role in promoting Sindh's culture. They train women artisans in Sindh so they can earn money. These organizations promote their products under the name "Crafts Forever". Many women in rural Sindh are skilled in making caps. Sindhi caps are made commercially on a small scale in places like New Saeedabad and Hala New. To preserve Sindh's historical culture, Sindhi people started celebrating Sindhi Topi Day on December 6, 2009. On this day, they wear Ajrak and Sindhi topi.
Sindh is a province in Pakistan.
The province has many important historical places. The Indus Valley civilization (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilization (mature period 2600–1900 BCE) mostly located in Sindh. Sindh has many tourist spots, with the most famous being the ruins of Mohenjo-daro near the city of Larkana. There are also many Islamic, colonial, and post-partition architecture sites to see. Natural sites, like Manchar Lake, have become increasingly popular for sustainable tourism in the province.- Sindh's contribution to national economy was 23.7%, or $345 billion (PPP) and $86 billion (nominal) in 2022.
- Brooke (2014), p. 296. "The story in Harappan India was somewhat different (see Figure 111.3). The Bronze Age village and urban societies of the Indus Valley are some-thing of an anomaly, in that archaeologists have found little indication of local defense and regional warfare. It would seem that the bountiful monsoon rainfall of the Early to Mid-Holocene had forged a condition of plenty for all, and that competitive energies were channeled into commerce rather than conflict. Scholars have long argued that these rains shaped the origins of the urban Harappan societies, which emerged from Neolithic villages around 2600 BCE. It now appears that this rainfall began to slowly taper off in the third millennium, at just the point that the Harappan cities began to develop. Thus it seems that this "first urbanisation" in South Asia was the initial response of the Indus Valley peoples to the beginning of Late Holocene aridification. These cities were maintained for 300 to 400 years and then gradually abandoned as the Harappan peoples resettled in scattered villages in the eastern range of their territories, into the Punjab and the Ganges Valley....' 17 (footnote):
(a) Giosan et al. (2012);
(b) Ponton et al. (2012);
(c) Rashid et al. (2011);
(d) Madella & Fuller (2006);
Compare with the very different interpretations in
(e) Possehl (2002), pp. 237–245
(f) Staubwasser et al. (2003) - ^ Including Federal Capital Territory (Karachi)
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